References

There are many perspectives to the history of Hawaii warfare presented in the many books used in this research and cited below.  The six books in the short list below supply the greatest amount of information, with wide variety of styles and perspectives, reflecting their experiences and biases.  All are highly recommended.

The Legends and Myths of Hawaiʻi by his Majesty David Kalakaua, a Hawaiian King.

Ruling Chiefs of Hawaiʻi, by Samuel Kamakau, a Hawaiian historian.

Exalted Sits the Chief, by Ross Cordy, an archaeologist of Hawaiʻi.

Ancient History of the Hawaiian People, by Abraham Fornander, a scholar of Hawaiian history.

Kamehameha and His Warrior Kekūhaupi‘o,  by Stephen Desha, pastor of the Haili Church in Hilo.

Lua: Art of the Hawaiian Warrior, by Richard Paglinawan, Mitchell Eli, Moses Kalauokalani, and Jerry Walker, modern practitioners of the ancient lua. 

Other Relevant Books

Andrus, P. W. 1992. Guidelines for Identifying, Evaluating, and Registering America’s Historic Battlefields. National Register Bulletin 40. U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Interagency Resources Division, Washington, D.C.

Armitage, G. T., and H. P. Judd 1944. Ghost Dog and Other Hawaiian Legends. Advertiser Publishing Co., Ltd., Honolulu.

Beckwith, M. W. (translater) 1951. The Kumulipo: A Hawaiian Creation Chant. The University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu.

Beckwith, M. W. 1970. Hawaiian Mythology. The University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu.

Bird, I. 1998. Six Months in the Sandwich Islands Among Hawaiʻi’s Palm Groves, Coral Reefs, and Volcanoes. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu.

Brennan, J. 1974. The Parker Ranch of Hawaiʻi. Harper and Row, New York.

Cachola-Abad, C. K. 2000. The Evolution of Hawaiian Socio-Political Complexity: an Analysis of Hawaiian Oral Traditions. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai‘i, Mānoa.

Charlot, J. 1987. The Kamapuaʻa Literature: the Classical Traditions of the Hawaiian Pig God as a Body of Literature. The Institute for Polynesian Studies Monograph Series No. 6. University of Hawaiʻi Press, Honolulu.

Clark, J. T., and P. V. Kirch (editors) 1983. Archaeological Investigations of the Mudlane-Waimea Kawaihae Road Corridor, Island of Hawai‘i. Report 83-1, Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Cordy, R. 1981. A Study of Prehistoric Social Change: The Development of Complex Societies in the Hawaiian Island. Academic Press, New York.

Cordy, R. 2000. Exalted Sits the Chief. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu.

Cordy, R., J. Tainter, R. Renger, and R. Hitchcock 1991. An Ahupua‘a Study: The 1971 Archaeological Work at Kaloko Ahupua‘a North Kona, Hawai‘i. Western Archaeological and Conservation Center Publications in Anthropology, 58. National Park Service, Honolulu.

Desha, S. L. 2000. Kamehameha and His Warrior Kekūhaupi‘o. Kamehameha Schools Press, Honolulu.

Dukas, N. B. 2004. A Military History of Sovereign Hawai‘i. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu.

Earle, T. 1997. How Chiefs Come to Power. Stanford University Press, Stanford.

Elbert, S. H. (editor) 1959. Selections from Fornander’s Hawaiian Antiquities and Folklore. The University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu.

Ellis, W. 1969. Polynesian Researches Hawaii. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc., Rutland, Vermont.

Emerson, N. B. 1998. Unwritten Literature of Hawaii: The Sacred Songs of the Hula. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu.

Emerson, N.B. 2005. Pele and Hiʻiaka: A Myth from Hawaiʻi. Revised Edition, Edith Kanakaʻole Press, Hilo.

Emory, K. P. 1999. Warfare. IN Ancient Hawaiian Civilization, pp. 229-236. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu.

Fornander, A. 1996. Ancient History of the Hawaiian People. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu.

Fornander, A. 1918-1919, translated by T. G. Thrum. Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-Lore. Memoir of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Volume V. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

Fox, R.. A., Jr. and D. D. Scott 1991. The Post Civil War Battlefield Pattern. Historical Archaeology 25(2):92-103.

Gutmanis, J. 1983. Na Pule Kahiko: Ancient Hawaiian Prayers. Editions Limited, Honolulu.

Handy, E. S. C., and M. K. Pukui 1972. The Polynesian Family System in Ka-‘u, Hawai‘i. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Rutland, Vermont.

Hiroa, T. R. (Sir Peter H. Buck) 1957. Arts and Crafts of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 45. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

Hommon, R. J. 1976. The Formation of Primitive States in Pre-Contact Hawaii. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.

Hommon, R. J. 2001. The Emergence of Large-Scale Society in Hawai‘i. In Pacific 2000: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Easter Island and the Pacific, pp.141-149, edited by C. M. Stevenaon, G. Lee, and F. J. Morin. Bearsville Press, Los Osos.

I‘i, J. 1959. Fragments of Hawaiian History. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

Kalakaua, D. 1990. The Legends and Myths of Hawaii. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu.

Kamakau, S. M. 1992. Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii, Revised Edition. The Kamehameha Schools Press, Honolulu.

Kamakau, S. M. 1991. Tales and Traditions of the People of Old Nā Moʻolelo a ka Poʻe Kahiko. Translated by M.K. Pukui. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

Keegan, J. 1976. The Face of Battle. Penguin Books, New York.

Keeley, L. H. 1996. War Before Civilization. Oxford University Press, New York.

Kirch, P. V. 1984. The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Kolb, M. J., and B. Dixon 2002. Landscapes of War: Rules and Conventions of Conflict in Ancient Hawai‘i (and Elsewhere). American Antiquity 67(3):514-534.

Malo, D. 1951. Hawaiian Antiquities: Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi. Translated by N.B. Emerson. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 2, Second Edition, Honolulu.

Maly, K., translator 1992 An Account of Place Name Histories of Hawaiʻi as Recorded in Kaʻao Hoʻoniua Puʻuwai No Ka-Miki (The Heart Stirring Story of Ka-Miki). Newspaper Ka Hōkū o Hawaiʻi January 8, 1914 through December 6, 1917.

Manu, M. (Tone-Iahuanu-Tahuira-Iarafrie) 1899. A Hawaiian Legend of a Terrible War betweenPele-of-the-Eternal-Fires and Waka-of-the-Shadowy-Waters. Translated by M. K Pukui. From Ka Loea Kalaiaina,, May 13-December 30. Hawaiian Ethnological Notes 2:942-1008. Bishop Museum Library, Honolulu.

McEldowney 1983. A Description of Major Vegetation Patterns in the Waimea-Kawaihae Region During the Early Historic Period. In Archaeological Investigations of the Mudlane-Waimea Kawaihae Road Corridor, Island of Hawai‘i, pp. 407-448, edited by J. T. Clark and P. V. Kirch. Report 83-1, Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Mills, P. R., and M. Irani 2000. A Walk Through History: Pedestrian Survey Along the Old Government Beach Road, Honalo to Honua‘ino, North Kona, Hawai‘i, Volume I. Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai‘i, Hilo.

Paglinawan, R. L, M. Eli, M. E. Kalauokalani, and J. Walker 2006. Lua: Art of the Hawaiian Warrior. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

Pauketat, T. R. 1994. The Ascent of Chiefs. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

Pukui, M. K., S. H. Elbert, and E. T. Mookini 1974. Place Names of Hawaii (Revised and expanded edition). The University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu.

Pukui, M. K. 1983. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau: Hawaiian Proverbs & Poetical Sayings. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication No. 71. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

Sahlins, M. D. 1968. Tribesmen. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

Sahlins, M.D. 1981. Historical Metaphors and Mythical Realities. Association for Social Anthropology in Oceania Special Publications No. 1. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.

Sahlins, M. D. 1985. Islands of History. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Scott, D. D., R. A. Fox, Jr., M. A. Connor, and D. Harmon 1989. Archaeological Little Bighorn. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Sterling, E. P., and C. C. Summers 1978. Site of Oahu. Department of Anthropology, Department of Education, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Summers, C. C. 1971. Molokai: A Site Survey. Department of Anthropology Pacific Anthropological Records No. 14. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Summers, C. C. 1999. Material Culture: The J.S. Emerson Collection of Hawaiian Artifacts. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

Thompson, V. L. 1971. Hawaiian Tales of Heroes and Champions. A Kolowalu Book, University of Hawaiʻi Press, Honolulu.

Thompson, V. L. 1966. Hawaiian Myths of Earth, Sea, and Sky. A Kolowalu Book, University of Hawaiʻi Press, Honolulu.

Thompson, V. L. 1972. Aukele the Fearless. A Kolowalu Book, University of Hawaiʻi Press, Honolulu.

Thrum, T. G. 1998. Hawaiian Folk Tales. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu.

Titcomb, M. 1972. Native Use of Fish in Hawaii. The University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu.

Tuggle, D, and M. Tomonari-Tuggle 1980. Prehistoric Agriculture in Kohala, Hawai‘i. Journal of Field Archaeology 7:297-312.

Valerie, V. 1985. Kingship and Sacrifice. Translated by Paula Wissing. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Van Gilder, C. L. 2001. Gender and Household Archaeology in Kahikinui, Maui. In Pacific 2000: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Easter Island and the Pacific, pp. 135-140, edited by C. M. Stevenaon, G. Lee, and F. J. Morin. Bearsville Press, Los Osos.

Webster, D. 1998. Warfare and Status Rivalry: Lowland Maya and Polynesian Comparisons. In Archaic States, pp. 311-351, edited by Gary M. Feinman and Joyce Marcus. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.

Westervelt, W. D. 1999. Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu.

Westervelt, W. D. 1987. Myths and Legends of Hawaiʻi. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu.

Westervelt, W. D. 1923. Hawaiian Historical Legends. Fleming H. Revell Company, New York.

Westervelt, W. D. 1963 (1991). Hawaiian Legends of Ghosts and Ghost-Gods. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Rutland, Vermont.

Wolforth, Thomas R. 2006 Book review of A Military History of Sovereign Hawaiʻi, by Neil Bernard Dukas (2004). The Hawaiian Journal of History 40:201-204.

Wolforth, Thomas R. 2005 Searching for Archaeological Manifestations of Hawaiian Battles on the Island of Hawaiʻi. IN The Renaca Papers: Proceedings of the VI International Conference on Rapa Nui and the Pacific, edited by C.M. Stevenson, J.M. Ramirez, F.J. Morin, and N Barbacci, pages 161-179. Easter Island Foundation, Los Osos, California.